Addiction, cannabis sativa indica, cannabis use disorder, endocannabinoid system, phytocannabinoid synthesis, psychosis, synaptic plasticity, tetrahydrocannabinol. The effects of cannabis are caused by chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 400 different cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol thc, allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body. Aug 19, 2015 cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years, primarily as a source of a stem fiber both the plant and the fiber termed hemp and a resinous intoxicant the plant and its drug preparations commonly termed marijuana. Ingredients tetrahydrocannabinol thc primary, but not only, psychoactive ingredient of plant cannabidiol cbd no rewarding, euphorigenic effect counteracts psychoactive effect of thc thc and cbd are inversely proportional in cannabis plant. Classified by carl linnaeus in the year 1753, cannabis sativa varieties have been cultivated for centuries for its hemp fibre and for its psychoactive resins, among the other benefits which the plant has been known to offer, for those who consume it. Day by day cannabis production guide as the title indicates, this is only a guideline which can vary from day to day based on the strains grown, i.
Cannabis sativa is considered pittala, a medicine that activates these warming functions generally and liver functions specifically touw 1981. Cannabaceae is one of the earliest known cultivated plants. Clonal plant cuttings of nine cannabis sativa cannabis strains sour diesel, canna tsu, black lime, valley fire, white cookies, mama thai, terple, cherry chem, and blackberry kush were placed in 250l pots and grown in hoopstyle, lightdeprivation greenhouses at shadowbox farms in williams, oregon, under a 18hlight6hdark regime natural light to stimulate vegetative growth, before shifting to a 12hlight12hdark cycle to induce flowering. The species is dioecious individual flowers are either male or female, but only one sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must be grown if seed is required. T he cannabis plant produces hundreds of different cannabinoids and over four hundred complexcompounds that make up the plant anatomy the most well known among these compounds are cannabidiol cbd, a potent medicinal compound and tetrahydrocannabinol thc, the main psychoactive ingredient of the plant. A set of microsatellite pcr primers has been published by gilmore and peakall in 2000 and alghanim and almirall in 2003. The ruderal plants pose a minor weed problem to agriculture but a major problem to law enforcement, and decades of eradi. Which is the best book for plant biochemistry and plant. Elsohly 2011 photosynthetic response of cannabis sativa l. An update on plant photobiology and implications for cannabis. In his original 1753 classification, carl linnaeus identified just one species, cannabis sativa. It is consumed in different forms and goes by various names such as grass, weed, marijuana or ganja in its herbal form and hashish, solid or soap bar in its resinous form.
This form is consumed most commonly, and contains 3. Cannabis is a domesticated crop that has a long history of medical and recreational use. Frontiers latitudinal adaptation and genetic insights. Bastiani institute of clinical physiology, the italian. Cannabis is the preferred designation of the plant cannabis sativa, cannabis indica, and of minor significance, cannabis ruderalis. The capitatestalked glandular trichomes of cannabis sativa cannabis, situated on the surfaces of the bracts of the female flowers, are the. Hemp, cannabis sativa, has been called the worlds most versatile plant. Arab physicians knew and used its diuretic, antiemetic, antiepileptic, anti. This book is all about the former, explaining in detail the various facts about the strain that make it what it is. Depending upon the use, cannabis is organized into two distinct groups marijuana and hemp.
To achieve good results, a home grower must know about plant physiology. Recently, this crop has been exploited for medicinal compounds. It is a shortday flowering plant, with staminate male plants usually taller and less robust than pistillate female or male plants the flowers of the female plant are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. Most 1,3,5triazine compounds are anthropogenic and have only existed in the last 150 years. The biotechnology of cannabis sativa full text sam r. Anecdotal evidence suggests that there are significant variations in. For the 645 individuals from 52 cannabis accessions sampled 25 wild populations. Cannabaceae is one of the oldest medicinal plants used by humans. Trichomes are a blanket of crystal resin coating the cannabis plant, and they contain both terpenes and cannabinoids. Dec 28, 2017 it is believed that the cannabis plant originated in china more than 10,000 years ago, owing to a hemp cord that was found in pottery from an ancient village in modernday taiwan. Cannabis sativa is an old plant with a long history.
And, in fact, the hemp plant, cannabis sativa, has been cultivated by. The biotechnology of cannabis sativa full text april, 2009 7. Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern asia but now of. Plant physiology is the part of biology which is concerned with the way plants grow and flower. This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. The anatomy of a cannabis plant, and its lifecycle visual capitalist. Cannabis of industrial utility and culinary value is generally termed as hemp. Cannabaceae is a widely distributed plant around the world. Chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 400 different cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol thc, allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on. Cannabis sativa is a remarkable plant containing many valuable natural components.
Plant physiology at first glance, the cannabis plant is a sight to behold. These psychoactive products are obtained from the plant cannabis sativa indian hemp and some of its subspecies. These include the genetics of the plant, the growing and storage conditions, the state of maturity at harvest, and the methods used to process and. History of cannabis in ancient china psychology today. Cannabis sativa is the natural source of the cannabinoids, a unique group of terpenophenolic compounds that accumulate in the glandular trichomes of the plant. However, whatever the grounds on which these subspecies distinctions can be made, visual characteristics such as leaf width, plant height or pretty much any. A catalogue record for this book is available from the british library. New research shows how light cycles impact cannabis. The first documented use of the cannabis sativa plant was by emperor shen neng in 2737 b. In this chapter, the priciples of plant physiology are discussed. Evolution and classification of cannabis sativa marijuana. Tighter sustainability criteria for the production of vehicle biofuels and an increasing interest in. Cannabis, or hemp, is an extraordinarily versatile plant it has been used for millennia as a source of fibre, oil and for medicinal, spiritual and recreational purposes.
Upon further investigation, the bright colors and beautiful textures give way to an intricate network of fascinating components which collaborate to compose the miraculous plant. It is without doubt that there are so many amazing plant biochemistry and plant physiology books available for the learning of the subject whether you are in need of a beginners book or that of an expert. Cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years, primarily as a source of a stem fiber both the plant and the fiber termed hemp and a resinous intoxicant the plant and its drug preparations commonly termed marijuana. Cannabis sativa, cannabis indica and cannabis ruderalis. Botany of cannabis cannabis is a genus of flowering plants within the hemp family. The day to day plant development and progression presented here, is more of an. Cannabis and humulus are the only two genera of cannabaceae and their close evolutionary relationship is demonstrated by the viability of intergeneric grafts. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fiber, seed oil, food, recreation, religious and spiritual moods and medicine. Cannabis sativa, volume 2 features genetics from 100 different seed breeders more than all other cannabis strain guides put together. Biology, pharmacology, diagnosis, and treatment is the first book to take an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of cannabis use and misuse. If you dont want to wait have a look at our ebook offers and start reading immediately. The results are published in the latest issue of the journal plant physiology. The word, sativa, comes from latin and means sown or cultivated. The state of knowledge on hemp crop physiology and agronomy prior to this research.
The cannabis plant is incredibly complex, and each piece of its physiology plays an integral role in. Glandular trichomes are specialized anatomical structures that accumulate secretions with important biological roles in plant environment interactions. Thanks to the genetic mixture of 4 different strains from 4 countries, ak 47 is considered as a hybrid of 65 percent sativa and 35 percent indica. Outdoors, planted in a row with only a few inches between each plant. Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants within the hemp family. Cannabis strains containing less thc but more of the nonpsychoactive cannabidiol cbd, commonly referred to as hemp, were grown in roman britain for grain. Camelina sativa false flax or goldofpleasure is an ancient oil crop grown in europe since the bronze age.
The development of solitary flowers under long photoperiod conditions, however, challenges current understandings of the cannabis physiology. This fastgrowing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because. The plant material is extremely inhomogeneous, and the ratios of active ingredients are affected by a range of factors. You are likely already aware that there are two main types of marijuana. Brian cantin graduated from the university of guelph with a honors science degree in environmental horticulture. Thus, this type of oil is used in different cannabis food because it typically has a high proportion of cannabinoids that range from 4080%. Dec 21, 2018 cannabis is one of the most important industrial crops distributed worldwide. Handbook of cannabis and related pathologies 1st edition. It has been cultivated throughout the world and history for use as a food, fuel source, nutritional supplement, body care product, source of paper, building material, medicine, and in textiles small and marcus, 2002.
He majored in plant physiology, with a minor in plant protection plant pathology and plant entomology. In this study, sequence variations of five chloroplast dna cpdna regions were investigated to address these questions. Commercial cannabis comes from the female species, which have long skinny stems and large, iconic fan leaves. A native of asia, cannabis has been naturalized and cultivated worldwide over thousands of. Studies of relationships among various groups of domesticated forms of the species and wildgrowing plants have led to conflicting evolutionary. The seeds achenes are round to nearly lensshaped, with a round base, surface greenbrown to grey, marbled or unmarbled, with or without an abscission layer at the base, ranging in size from 1.
Soon after, the first set of true leaves will emerge. Apparent increase in biomass and seed productivity in hemp cannabis sativa resulting from branch proliferation caused by the european com borer ostrinia nubilalis. Psychoactive substances used for religious rituals, medicine, recreation controversy about whether cannabis indica exists as a separate subspecies. Preface to achieve good results, a home grower must know about plant physiology. However, the phylogeographic structure and domestication knowledge of this crop remains poorly understood.
It has been claimed by various investigators that the common hemp cannabis sativa grown in the united states contains the same active constituent as is found in cannabis indica, the name of the official drug which is grown in india. Cannabis is one of the most important industrial crops distributed worldwide. Pdf crop physiology of fibre hemp cannabis sativa l. Modern western scientific literature ignores their contribution on the subject. In this chapter, the principles of plant physiology are discussed. The plants database includes the following 4 subspecies of cannabis sativa. This plant has been of interest to researchers, general public and. Cannabis sativa hemp, marijuana pfaf plant database. The term strain refers to minor morphological differences and grower branding rather than distinct stabilized varieties.
Cannabis growers have long believed that photoperiodic cannabis plants subjected to long photoperiods remain in a state of vegetative growth. Cannabis sativa is an annual plant, mostly dioecious and. This book focuses on cannabis sativa, an especially tall and potent species of marijuana plant that true connoisseurs love not only for its smoke that induces a desire to create art and socialize with people, but also for the interesting challenges it presents to growers. For the 645 individuals from 52 cannabis accessions sampled 25 wild populations and 27.
Chemometrics and metabolomics of cannabis sativa l. Featuring 100 strains of amazing sativadominant genetics and 100 different breeders, this book is a musthave for pot enthusiasts, pot growers, and pot connoisseurs, new and old alike. Oct 24, 2016 clear choice is committed to being the most serviceoriented, knowledgeable and reliable provider of cannabis flower, hybrid, sativa, indica, as well as concentrates, vape cartridges, edibles, and wax in the tacoma, wa areaand beyond. Therefore, by introducing some concepts in plant anatomy and physiology, this chapter serves as a. Originating from equatorial countries in central america and south east asia, including the likes of thailand, india, mexico and colombia, sativa. Achieving this, using raw cannabis as a feedstock, is especially challenging.
Cannabis sativa features in almost all aspects of traditional indian medicine, both as a broadspectrum analgesic and herb to encourage overall vitality, and as a treatment for extremely specific ailments. Many people know that marijuana or cannabis is made up of dried, cured flowers, subtending leaves, and stems of the female cannabis plant. However, because cannabis has psychoactive effects, it had been widely banned throughout the last century. Establishment and optimization of a hemp cannabis sativa. Day by day cannabis production guide an article by.
Frontiers latitudinal adaptation and genetic insights into. The flowers of cannabis sativa are unisexual and plants are most often either male or female. Because it is easy to synthesize, 1,3,5triazine is often employed as a modular scaffold in industrial applications, including the synthesis of medicines. Jun, 2018 plant physiology at first glance, the cannabis plant is a sight to behold. Sativa plants have long and thin leaves that are lighter in color. For millennia, the plant has also been used for fiber, oil production, and simply as additive for food products. Generally, thc is found at higher concentrations than cbd, unless the ratio is deliberately altered. These psychoactive products are obtained from the plant cannabis sativa indian hemp and some of. Cannabis training course cannabis or hemp are a product of the plant cannabis sativa, indica and ruderalis. However, abnormal growth can lead to the growth of 3 or even 4 cotyledons. Molecules based on 1,3,5triazine are rare in nature. Recent worldwide trends toward decriminalizing marijuana for medical use have increased legal use of the drug and recreational use remains high, making cannabis one of the most commonly used drugs.
This book focuses on cannabis sativa, an especially tall and potent species of marijuana plant that true connoisseurs love not only for its smoke that induces a desire to create art and socialize with people, but also for the interesting challenges it presents to growers due to its size. This chapter gives an overview of botanical aspects of the genus cannabis, such as. Cannabis plants are classified into two main groups. However, the interest in this plant is now reinvigorated due to its high potential for biotechnological applications. The botany of cannabis sativa before explaining the features of plant biotechnology, it is important to have an understanding about what parts of the plant may be genetically modified. Cannabaceae is one of the oldest sources of fiber, food and medicine. A carefully controlled environment indoors or greenhouse, with plants several feet apart. Structural biochemistrymarijuana wikibooks, open books. This fastgrowing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multipurpose applications.
Here are some of the more important things you need to know about the plant. Genetic analysis of cannabis lights the way for better policy. Traditionally, three major classes have been recognized. Strains have been selected through informal breeding programs with undisclosed parentage and criteria. Biological sciences book publishing analysis marijuana. Two cultivars of industrial hemp exposed to landfill. Clonal plant cuttings of nine cannabis sativa cannabis strains sour diesel, canna tsu, black lime, valley fire, white cookies, mama thai, terple, cherry chem, and blackberry kush were placed in 250l pots and grown in hoopstyle, lightdeprivation greenhouses at shadowbox farms in williams, oregon, under a 18hlight6hdark regime natural light to stimulate vegetative growth.
Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. The experience of crossing afgan, thai, mexican and colombian genotypes has resulted in one of the most awarded strains in history with its outstanding quality. Marijuana, hashish, bhang and ganja are the most widely used illicit drugs in the world. Zwenger april, 2009 stem callus 7 transgenic cannabis rooting this book is dedicated to the future of humankind. The plant contains hundreds of different molecules but the cannabis sativa, the cannabis plant is able to synthesize these cannabinoid compounds which is a family of 60. The analytical chemistry of cannabis 1st edition elsevier. The genus cannabis commonly classified into the species cannabis indica, cannabis sativa, and cannabis ruderalis has been used for food, fiber, and medicine for over six millennia 1, 2. The essential guide to the worlds finest marijuana strains by s. Lamarck 1785 determined that cannabis strains from india were distinct from the common hemp of europe, based on stem and leaf morphology, and named the new species c. The plant is trimmed down into buds, which come together in a cola at the top of the stem. The physiological activity of cannabis sativa by h. Tall in height, harder has fluffy buds has shorter internodes between branches, an average of 3 inches or less narrow finger like rounded leaves with marblelike pattern, slender long fingers comparing sativa with indica, sativa has higher level of thc content but the cbd level is lower with that of the indica.
It has a long history of medicinal use as far back as the 6th century b. The main stem emerges from the root and supports the cannabis plant growing vertically. Recent worldwide trends toward decriminalizing marijuana for medical use have increased legal use of the drug and recreational use remains high. Evolution and classification of cannabis sativa marijuana, hemp in relation to human utilization. Mar, 2012 cannabis plants are classified into two main groups. Cannabis is classed as a dicotyledon, a flowering plant with an embryo that bears two cotyledons. Click below on a thumbnail map or name for subspecies profiles. A native of asia, cannabis has been naturalized and cultivated worldwide over thousands of years. Science plant physiology and biochemistry emerging issues in analytical chemistry.
Materials made from hemp fiber have been discovered in tombs dating back to 7000. A unique plant source of 3 important types of products 1. Thc is the primary psychoactive compound, with cbd, a nonpsychoactive compound, ranking second. Purchase the analytical chemistry of cannabis 1st edition. These secretions also have commercial uses in the flavor, fragrance, and pharmaceutical industries. Physiology of plants marijuana grow basics by jorge cervantes growing marijuana in rockwool. Behavioral biology research unit, johns hopkins university school of medicine. Perkins journal of the american pharmaceutical association 19. Todays infographic comes to us from the green organic dutchman, and it breaks down the anatomy of a cannabis plant, the differences between types of plants, and also the basics around cannabis cultivation. The legal and commercial production of the cannabis plant is a relatively new, rapidly growing, and highly profitable industry in europe and north america. Not all strains and hybrids develop at the same pace.
1330 620 312 1163 793 1201 1129 1257 1259 758 928 669 1184 411 1221 1192 1355 1160 362 432 131 615 613 1462 804 1289 5 374 1072 1035 448 527 1426 145 995 1058 766